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制度经济学

制度经济学

制度是人际交往中的规则。制度经济学是把制度作为研究对象的一门经济学分支。它研究制度对于经济发展的影响以及经济发展如何影响制度的演变。制度经济学的研究始于科斯 (Ronald Coase)《企业之性质》，科斯的贡献在于的将交易成本这一概念引入了经济学的分析中并指出企业和市场在经济交往中的不同作用。威廉姆森(Oliver Williamson)、德姆塞茨(Harold Demsetz)等人对于这么新兴学科作出了重大的贡献。近30年，新制度经济学是蓬勃发展的经济学的一个分支。 Category:经济学

经济学

经济学是一门研究人类行为及如何将有限或者稀缺资源进行合理配置的社会科学。 :对物品的生产、流通、交换和消费等诸活动的说明，请参照经济。

学科分支

一些经济学概念

- 劳动价值
- 剩余价值
- 博弈论（賽局理論）
- 边际效用
- 均衡价格论
- 有效需求
- 理性预期
- 货币主义
- 马克思主义
- 凯恩斯主义
- 古典经济学
- 制度经济学
- 外部效应

其它相关的话题

- 重商主义学派
- 资本主义
- 市场经济
- 资本市场
- 私有化经济
- 激进派经济学

经济学家

- 经济学家
- 经济学家列表 Category:社会科学
- ja:経済学 ko:경제학 simple:Economics th:เศรษฐศาสตร์

Category:经济学

经济学是一门研究如何将有限资源进行合理配置的社会科学。 Category:社会科学 category:經濟 ja:Category:経済学 ko:분류:경제학 th:Category:เศรษฐศาสตร์

Jamaican-American music

The vast majority of the inhabitants of the United States are immigrants or descendents of immigrants. This article will focus on the music of these communities and discuss its roots in countries across Africa, Europe and Asia, excluding only Native American music, indigenous and immigrant Latinos, Puerto Rican music, Hawaiian music and African American music. The music of Irish- and Scottish-Americans will be a special focus, due to their extreme influence on Appalachian folk music and other genres. These sorts of music are often sustained and promoted by a variety of ethnic organizations.

Armenia

See: Music of Armenia Following the 1915 massacres of ethnic Armenians by the Young Turk government in Turkey, large numbers of Armenians settled in the Central California area, especially around Fresno. Of the second- and third-generation musicians from this community, Richard Hagopian became a minor star in the Armenian-American community. The ethnically-Armenian heavy metal band System of a Down has included references to the Armenian genocide in their lyrics.

Cape Verde

See: Music of Cape Verde There are more Cape Verdeans outside of their homeland than there are in the island chain itself. In the United States, California and Hawaii are home to large Cape Verdean populations, but the largest concentration is in New England, especially Boston and Rhode Island. Many of these immigrants came via whaling ships in the 19th century. Cape Verdean music is most famously morna, but other genres exist and the Cape Verdean community has produced string bands like The B-29s, Notias, Augusto Abrio and the Cape Verdean Serenaders. There were also Cape Verdean big bands, including the Creole Vagabonds and the Don Verdi Orchestra. More modern musicians include Frank de Pina, Mendes Brothers (and their influential record label, MB Records), Saozinha, Creole Sextet and Rui Pina.

China

See: Music of China Chinese-American bands include Bok Gwai. The pop-rapper Jin has lately gained some national renown as well.

Czech

See: Music of the Czech Republic Though associated with Slovenia, Germany and Poland as well, the Czech Republic includes Bohemia, the ancestral home of polka music. Polka has a long history in the United States, and the city of Chicago, among others, had produced numerous innovations in the genre.

Eastern European Jews

See: Jewish music, Eastern European music Early in the 20th century, Eastern European immigrants settled across the United States. Many were Ashkenazi Jews, who brought with them their swift, eminently dance-able klezmer music. Harry Kandel, a clarinetist, stood out in the field, alongside Abe Schwartz, Naftule Brandwein and Dave Tarras. Later, in the 1980s, a new generation of klezmer roots revivalists made innovative fusions of klezmer with punk rock and other influences. These bands include the Flying Klezmer Bulgar Band and The Klezmatics.

England

Main article: Anglo-American music As the homeland of many of the settlers of the original 13 Colonies, and a major source of immigration thereafter, England's musical traditions are closely tied to those of the United States, especially Appalachian folk music. In the 1850s, there was a thriving brass band tradition in the US, drawing on British bands formed around factory workers.

Philippines

See: Music of the Philippines There is an organization that gives out Filipino American Music Entertainment Awards. External links:
- [http://www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu/archive/afamila.htm Filipino-American music in Los Angeles archive]

France

See: Music of France The most well-known kind of French music in the United States is that of the Cajuns of Louisiana. Cajun and Creole music has spawned many popular artists in the zydeco genre, including Clifton Chenier.

Germany

See: Music of Germany German immigrants brought with them a variety of music, waltzes, polkas and oom-pah bands among them. A German musical society of the mid-19th century formed the Seventh Regiment Band, the only exclusively regimental band of the time and one of the most popular brass bands of the Civil War-era. German bandleader Friendrich Wilhelm Wieprecht was also influental, collecting full scores for his compilation of instrumentations of popular works, für die jetzige Stimmenbesetzung. Instruments included the bassoon, contrabassoon, bass tuba, trumpet, trombone, clarinet, piccolo, oboe, French horn, saxhorn, drums and cymbal. Wieprecht was recognized at the time as a key figure in the reorganization of the Prussian military bands. The Amish are a religious community found in the Midwest, descended from German (and Swiss) settlers. They eschew modern technology in favor of simple living. Amish music is entirely religious, and is sung in a style that has not been widely performed in Europe for centuries. Pennsylvania German culture is a mixture of British, South German and other elements. The songs are primarily German, many based on British tunes. Pennsylvania spirituals are a well-known kind of folk hymn, most of which date to the early 19th century.

Greece

See: Music of Greece Greek-American music includes styles like rebetiko. Performers include Annaboubala, Johnny Otis, Tatiana Troyanos and Dimitrius Mahlis.

Iran

See: Music of Iran or Persian Music After the 1979 revolution, the new Iranian government banned all pop music and many other genres. Numerous Iranians, including musicians, entered into exile, many settling in the Los Angeles-area. The Iranian-American scene produced several stars in the Iranian-in-exile community, including Dariush, Ebi, Homeira, Hayedeh, Mahasti, Farzin and more. There are also many newcommers in Persian/Iranian Music who have made huge impression. Below are a list of them: Andy, Moein, Mansour, Sandy, Leyla Foroohar, Farshid Amin, Shahrzad Sepanlou, Kamran Delan, Arash, Shadmehr Aghili, Jamshid, Cameron Cartio, Mohammad, Kamran & Hooman, Fereydoun, Hi-5, Shaghayegh, Shahriar and much more

Ireland

Main article: Celtic music in the United States Joseph Halliday, a Dubliner, is notable for having introduced the keyed bugle in 1810. While not a technical innovation (the keyed trumpet was already known), it did become extremely popular in the burgeoning brass band tradition and inspired a whole family of instruments, the ophicleides. In the middle of the 19th century, Irish bandleader Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore was very influential, having introduced a wide range of reed instruments as well as developing instrumentation that allowed a large wind ensemble to approximate the effects of a full orchestra. The 1960s saw the Clancy Brothers (with Tommy Makem) become minor celebrities in the United States, especially in the Irish-American community. They appeared at Carnegie Hall and on the Ed Sullivan Show. Mick Moloney’s Irish-American Music and Dance Festival has existed for over twenty years and remains an important part of the Irish-American scene. In the eighties several high-profile Irish artists emigrated to the USA, including Mary Black, Dolores Keane and Maura O'Connell. At the same time groups sprang up in America to play Irish music at a professional level. Mick Moloney founded Green Fields of America in 1977 to bring together immigrant Irish and native-born players of Irish music. Although they did not record an album until 1989, they created a ripple. The band contained several people who went on achieve international fame - Seamus Egan, Eileen Ivers and Jerry O'Sullivan. Another early Irish-American band was Cherish The Ladies formed in 1985. The rules of the All-Ireland championships allowed certain non-Irish citizens to complete. Thanks to Irish cultural centres in New York and Chicago, young US citizens began to win in dancing and fiddling. Chicago-born Liz Carroll came second in 1974 with her fiddling. In 1992 she was a member of Trian, who recorded two highly regarded albums of strictly traditional no-frills Irish instrumentals. Some films gave exposure to Irish music - "Barry Lyndon" (1975 - The Chieftains), "The Brothers McMullen" (1984 - Seamus Egan), "Dancing at Lughnasa" (1998 - Arty McGlynn) and "Titanic" (1997). The touring stage show "Riverdance" (1995) was probably the biggest single publicity blaze in the cause of Irish-American music. The New York "Kips Bay Ceilidh Band" recorded an admired album of dance tunes (1993). Celtic new age music from Clannad (Ireland), harpist Loreena McKennitt (Canada) and Nightnoise (Ireland) were popular in a low-key way in the USA. Tríona and Mícheál O Dhomhnaill from Nightnoise had emigrated to the US in the 70s and started recording in 1984. There were pop hits for Enya (originally from Clannad). Among the immigrants from Ireland was Susan McKeown. She had been recording since 1990 but won international praise for "Lowlands" (2000). In 1996 the Irish-American supergroup Solas was formed. The group contained multi-instrumentalist Seamus Egan and a powerful new singer Karan Casey. The Chieftains had been visiting America since the 70s but by 2003 the audience was big enough to justify a DVD, live from Nashville. You can now confidently say that no Celtic musician has made the grade till he has performed in America.

Italy

See: Music of Italy Italian-Americans are concentrated on the Eastern Seaboard, especially in New York City. Their music includes square dances, tarantellas, mazurkas, waltzes and polkas, and music for mandolin, banjo, guitar and accordion. Italian folk traditions have had a lasting influence of barbershop singing and doo wop. Neapolitan bandleader Francis Scala was bandleader of the U.S. Marine Band after immigrating in 1840; as is common in Naples, he placed the clarinet (which he played himself) in a prominent place in his performances.

Jamaica

See: Music of Jamaica Undoubtedly the most influential Jamaican-American musician is DJ Kool Herc, who is often credited as the inventor of hip hop. He immigrated to New York City and brought with him the roots of hip hop -- a DJ isolating and repeating a percussion break while an MC spoke over the beats. Second generation Jamaican Busta Rhymes was later an important gangsta rapper during the 1990s; his style is similar to that found in Jamaican dub and dancehall.

Japan

Main article: Music of Japan Large-scale Japanese immigration to the United States began early in th 20th century, and traditional music came with them. California and Hawaii were two of the biggest destinations for these immigrants. The first North American taiko group was Seiichi Tanaka's San Francisco Taiko Dojo in San Francisco, which was founded in 1968.

Norway

Main article: Music of Norway Norwegian-American folk music in the United States is mostly found in Minnesota and surrounding states. Reinlenders, polkas and waltzes are played; of these, waltzes are by far the most common [http://www.pbs.org/riverofsong/music/e1-old-time.html]. Instruments include the psalmodikon, fiddle and accordion. Celebrations like Syttende Mai have become an important outlet for traditional Norwegian music.

Poland

See: Music of Poland The Polish community is strongest in the area around Detroit, Michigan. The city's Polish-American community spawned a wave of musicians that are usually considered polka players, though their actual output is quite varied. New York City, Chicago and Minneapolis also have Polish-American musical traditions. Chicago's Orkiestra Makowska, led by George Dzialowy, defined that city's unique sound for many years. More than 50,000 Polish-Americans live in the area around Houston, Texas. There is a rich tradition of Polish fiddling from Texas that had declined into obscurity until a recent revitalization by performers like Brian Marshall. Polish settlers arrived beginning in the middle of the 19th century, settling in Panna Maria, a village just south of San Antonio. A few decades later, a new wave of Polish migrants settled in Chappell Hill, Stoneham, Brenham, Bremond, Anderson, Carlos and New Waverly. These people's folk music consisted of bowed bass, fiddle and sometimes a clarinet, with the later additions of drums, accordions and guitars. Within Texas, Polish music was diverse, with a rhythmic style predominant in the Chappell Hill/Brenham area, and a melodic sound in Bremond.

Serbia and Montenegro

See: Music of Serbia and Montenegro There is a Serbian rock scene in the Greater Cleveland area.

Slovenia

See: Music of Slovenia Slovenian-American polka musician Frankie Yankovich is by far the most famous musician of that genre. He began his career in the 1930s, beginning with some regional hits in the Detroit and Cleveland areas, followed by mainstream success in the later 1940s.

Ukraine

See: Music of Ukraine Ukrainian-Americans in the Cleveland and Detroit area have kept a folk scene alive, also producing a minor crossover star in the 1920s and 30s, Pawlo Humeniuk, the King of the Ukrainian Fiddlers.

Vietnam

See: Music of Vietnam There is a Vietnamese American Philharmonic orchestra. Popular musicians in the Vietnamese-American community include Thanh Lan. Immigrant communities

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制度经济学

经济学

学科分支

分类系统

西方经济学

經濟學學派列表

马克思主义经济学

一些经济学概念

其它相关的话题

经济学家

Category:经济学

Jamaican-American music

Armenia

Cape Verde

China

Czech

Eastern European Jews

England

Philippines

France

Germany

Greece

Iran

Ireland

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Norway

Poland

Serbia and Montenegro

Slovenia

Ukraine

Vietnam