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JEL分类系统

JEL分类系统

JEL分类系统，是美国经济学会《经济文献杂志》（Journal of Economic Literature)所创立的对经济学文献的主题分类系统，并被现代西方经济学界广泛采用。该分类方法主要采用开头的一个英文字母与随后的两位阿拉伯数字一起对经济学各部类进行“辞书式”编码分类。 例如，C71为“C:数理和数量方法”类中，“C7博弈论与讨价还价理论”中的有关“C71:合作博弈”的内容。
- A: 经济学总论和教学 (General Economics and Teaching)
- B: 经济学思想流派和方法论 (Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology)
- C: 数理和数量方法 (Mathematical and Quantitative Methods)
- D: 微观经济学 (Microeconomics)
- E: 宏观和货币经济学 (Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics)
- F: 国际经济学 (International Economics)
- G: 金融经济学 (Financial Economics)
- H: 公共经济学 (Public Economics)
- I: 卫生，教育和福利 (Health, Education and Welfare)
- J: 劳动和人口经济学 (Labour and Demographic Economics)
- K: 法律和经济学 (Law and Economics)
- L: 产业组织 (Industrial Organization)
- M: 企业管理和商务经济学；市场学；会计学 (Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting)
- N: 经济史（Economic History）
- O: 经济发展，技术变迁和增长 (Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth)
- P: 经济系统 (Economic Systems)
- Q: 农业和自然资源经济学 (Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics)
- R: 城市，农村和区域经济学 (Urban, Rural and Regional Economics)
- Z: 其他专题 (Other Special Topics) 以上所列为对开头字母的一级部门分类，具体的细致分类请参照外部链接中有关美国经济学会《经济文献杂志》分类系统的连接。

外部链接


- [http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AEA/ 美国经济学会 (American Economic Association) ]（英文）
- [http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html 《经济文献杂志》分类系统（Journal of Economic Literature Classification System）]（英文） Category:经济学 category:分類方式

经济学

经济学是一门研究人类行为及如何将有限或者稀缺资源进行合理配置的社会科学。 :对物品的生产、流通、交换和消费等诸活动的说明，请参照经济。

学科分支

分类系统


- JEL分类系统

西方经济学


- 微观经济学（個體經濟學）
- 宏观经济学（總體經濟學）
- 计量经济学
- 经济学方法
- 经济学史

經濟學學派列表


- 重農學派
- 李嘉圖學派
- 馬歇爾學派 - 新古典學派 - 新劍橋學派 - 凱恩斯學派 - 新凱恩思學派
- 德國歷史學派
- 奧地利學派 - 新奧地利學派 - 貨幣學派
- 供給學派 - 供給面學派
- 一般均衡學派
- 芝加哥學派
- 公共選擇學派
- 美國制度學派

马克思主义经济学


- 政治经济学：马克思主义经济学。
  - 资本主义部分
    - 世界经济学
  - 社会主义部分

一些经济学概念


- 劳动价值
- 剩余价值
- 博弈论（賽局理論）
- 边际效用
- 均衡价格论
- 有效需求
- 理性预期
- 货币主义
- 马克思主义
- 凯恩斯主义
- 古典经济学
- 制度经济学
- 外部效应

其它相关的话题


- 重商主义学派
- 资本主义
- 市场经济
- 资本市场
- 私有化经济
- 激进派经济学

经济学家


- 经济学家
- 经济学家列表 Category:社会科学
- ja:経済学 ko:경제학 simple:Economics th:เศรษฐศาสตร์

字母

字母是拼音文字系统当中最小的,数量最少的区别性单位，即字位，如拉丁字母源自拉丁语采用的字母、阿拉伯字母源自阿拉伯语采用的字母。按照一定顺序把字母排列起来，就形成了字母表。世界上各种拼音文字所使用的字母都起源于闪米特字母。 需要注意的是，在汉语中并没有字母这个概念，汉语拼音及注音符号之类的汉字拉丁化体系都只是一套用字母来标音的符号，而不是字母。 所有字母的共同祖先闪米特字母来自于古埃及的象形文字——圣书体。下面的表格就是圣书体中24个声符及其读音。 在闪米特字母中又以腓尼基字母最为古老。这种字母是辅音字母，全部22个字母都是辅音。随着社会的发展，又演变出许多字母。 下面是一个演变情况的简单说明： 腓尼基字母
- 东支
  - 阿拉米亚字母
    - 阿拉伯字母
    - 阿尔明尼亚字母
    - 格鲁吉亚字母
    - 印度字母
    - 朝鲜字母
  - 犹太字母
  - 叙利亚字母
    - 叙利亚-巴勒斯坦字母
    - 维吾尔字母
    - 蒙古字母
    - 满语字母
- 西支
  - 东希腊字母
    - 古希腊字母
    - 格拉哥里字母
      - 西里尔字母
  - 西希腊字母
    - 現代希腊字母
    - 拉丁字母 其中阿拉伯字母、西里尔字母和拉丁字母影响最大。 Category:文字 als:Alphabet ja:アルファベット ko:자모 문자 ms:Aksara simple:Alphabet th:อักษร

阿拉伯数字

阿拉伯数字是一种数字系统。 阿拉伯数字以十进制为基础，采用0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9共十个计数符号。采取位值法，高位在左，低位在右，从左往右书写。借助一些简单的数学符号（小数点、负号等），这个系统可以明确的表示所有的有理数。为了表示极大或极小的数字，人们在阿拉伯数字的基础上创造了科学记数法。 一般也用阿拉伯数字表示其它进制的数，用时选一部分数字或增加几个数字。 阿拉伯数字始创于中印边界地区，后来传到中东地区的阿拉伯地区，而得此名。现在它已成为目前使用最广泛的数字系统,通行于全世界. 阿拉伯数字在Unicode码中的位置是四十八到五十七。 严格的说，阿拉伯数字有两套数字体系：标准阿拉伯语数字和东阿拉伯语数字，使用于书写阿拉伯语的伊朗、巴基斯坦和印度。

参看


- 阿拉伯字母 ja:アラビア数字 ko:아라비아 수 체계

Category:经济学

经济学是一门研究如何将有限资源进行合理配置的社会科学。 Category:社会科学 category:經濟 ja:Category:経済学 ko:분류:경제학 th:Category:เศรษฐศาสตร์

Strongly Pareto Optimal

Pareto efficiency, or Pareto optimality, is a central theory in economics with broad applications in game theory, engineering and the social sciences. Given a set of alternative allocations and a set of individuals, a movement from one alternative allocation to another that can make at least one individual better off, without making any other individual worse off is called a Pareto improvement or Pareto optimization. An allocation of resources is Pareto efficient or Pareto optimal when no further Pareto improvements can be made. The term is named after Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution. If an economic system is Pareto efficient, then it is the case that no individual can be made better off without another being made worse off. It is commonly accepted that outcomes that are not Pareto efficient are to be avoided, and therefore Pareto efficiency is an important criterion for evaluating economic systems and political policies. In particular, it can be shown that, under certain idealised conditions, a system of free markets will lead to a Pareto efficient outcome. This was first demonstrated mathematically by economists Kenneth Arrow and Gerard Debreu, although the result may not necessarily reflect the workings of real economies because of the restrictive assumptions necessary for the proof (markets exist for all possible goods, markets are perfectly competitive, and transaction costs are negligible). This is called the first welfare theorem. Not every Pareto efficient outcome will be regarded as desirable. For example, consider a dictatorship run solely for the benefit of one person. This will, in general, be Pareto optimal because it will be impossible to raise the well-being of anyone (excluding the dictator) without reducing the well-being of the dictator, and vice versa. Nevertheless, most people (except by definition the dictator) would not see this as a desirable economic system. There is often more than one Pareto efficient outcome for a given amount of resources. For example with a dictatorship, both with dictator Alice or with dictator Bob, the outcome will be Pareto efficient because in the first instance it will be impossible to raise the well-being of anyone without reducing Alice's benefit and similarly for Bob. A strongly Pareto optimal (SPO) allocation is one such that the allocation is strictly preferred by one person, and no other allocation would be as good for everyone. A weakly Pareto optimal (WPO) allocation is one where a feasible reallocation would be strictly preferred by all agents.

See also


- Deadweight loss
- First welfare theorem
- Kaldor-Hicks efficiency
- Multidisciplinary design optimization
- Welfare economics Category:Game theory Category:Law and economics Category:Welfare economics Category:Economic efficiency ja:パレート効率性

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